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spine
The unifying concept is a central, rigid axis that provides structural support or protection. Whether biological, mechanical (books), or metaphorical (character), it represents the "backbone" of an entity. In a physical sense, it refers to the anatomical pillar of the body or sharp defensive needles. The book-binding usage extends this idea of a supporting edge that holds various parts together in a sequence. Metaphorically, having "spine" is strongly associated with moral courage and resilience. To lack spine is to be perceived as weak or cowardly, making this usage typically evaluative and often critical when used in the negative.
Countable when referring to the back of a book, a hedgehog's quill, or a person's anatomical backbone ('The book has a cracked spine'). Uncountable when describing someone's inner courage and mental fortitude ('He lacks the spine to say no').
💬Conversación Casual
The board is eating us alive. Please tell me you'll back my proposal.
A river flows, Jessica. It doesn't need a spine to move forward.
Meanings
The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis, forming the main support of the body.
"The doctor examined her spine for any signs of curvature."
A stiff projection or quill on an animal or plant, often sharp and used for protection.
"A hedgehog is covered in thousands of small spines."