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break down
This phrasal verb carries a strong sense of collapse, whether physical, mechanical, or emotional. When applied to machinery, it is a neutral statement of fact regarding failure. However, when applied to people, it describes a sudden loss of psychological resilience, often implying a release of pent-up stress or grief.
In professional or academic settings, the transitive use refers to a systematic decomposition of information. This is distinct from "breaking" something, as "breaking down" implies a purposeful simplification for the sake of clarity rather than destruction. In diplomatic or legal contexts, it describes the total failure of a process, suggesting that communication has ceased entirely.
Meanings
To separate a complex substance, concept, or process into smaller, simpler parts to make it easier to understand or analyze.
To stop functioning, especially in the case of a machine, vehicle, or mechanical system.
To lose emotional control and start crying or become extremely distressed.
Examples
Let me break down the project costs for you so it is easier to follow.
The old elevator broke down just as I stepped inside.
She finally broke down and told him everything through her tears.
The police had to break down the door to rescue the trapped kitten.
Peace talks broke down after neither side would compromise on the border.
I can't believe my car broke down in the middle of the highway.
Can you break down this complex formula into simpler steps?
He felt himself breaking down under the pressure of the trial.