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buffer state
This term is primarily used in geopolitical and diplomatic contexts to describe a strategic geographic arrangement. It carries a connotation of precarious stability, where the smaller entity's sovereignty is often maintained specifically because it serves the security interests of the larger neighboring powers.
In political science, the term implies a passive role for the state in question, as its primary function is to absorb tension or provide a physical gap that prevents immediate military escalation. It is distinct from a "satellite state," which is controlled by a superpower, whereas a buffer state ideally maintains a degree of neutrality to fulfill its purpose.