sanguine

This term carries a distinct duality between emotional temperament and physical appearance. In modern usage, it primarily describes a cheerful confidence that persists even when circumstances suggest a reason for pessimism. It implies a sturdy, resilient kind of optimism rather than naive hope.

Historically, the word is rooted in the theory of the four humors, where an abundance of blood was thought to produce a courageous and hopeful personality. This connection explains the secondary meanings referring to a ruddy, reddish complexion or the literal color of blood, often used in artistic contexts to describe a specific earthy red pigment.