pessimism

This term describes a mental disposition characterized by a preoccupation with failure or misfortune. It often manifests as a defensive mechanism where an individual lowers expectations to avoid disappointment, creating a psychological shield against potential loss. In a philosophical sense, it moves beyond a personal mood to a systemic worldview. This perspective posits that suffering is the primary characteristic of existence, often contrasting with the belief that the universe is inherently benevolent or neutral.